EFEKTIVITAS SUPLEMENTASI VITAMIN D TERHADAP PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAPASAN PADA DEWASA: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Keywords:
Vitamin D, Infeksi Saluran Pernapasan, Suplementasi, Dewasa, Systematic Review, RCTAbstract
Infeksi saluran pernapasan akut (ISPA) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas pada orang dewasa di berbagai negara. Vitamin D diketahui memiliki peran penting dalam fungsi imun, termasuk modulasi respon imun bawaan dan adaptif, sehingga banyak penelitian mengevaluasi potensinya dalam mencegah ISPA. Namun, hasil uji klinis acak (RCT) yang menilai efektivitas suplementasi vitamin D masih menunjukkan temuan yang bervariasi. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah systematic review yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis efektivitas suplementasi vitamin D terhadap pencegahan ISPA pada populasi dewasa. Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada basis data PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, dan ScienceDirect dengan mengikuti pedoman PRISMA 2020. Sebanyak 40 RCT memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis. Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi vitamin D dapat memberikan efek protektif terhadap kejadian ISPA, terutama pada individu dengan kadar vitamin D awal yang rendah, lansia, dan kelompok berisiko tinggi. Dosis harian hingga sedang (10–50 µg/hari) cenderung menghasilkan efek yang lebih konsisten dibandingkan pemberian dosis bolus besar secara bulanan. Selain itu, studi yang menggunakan outcome berbasis pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan hasil yang lebih kuat dibandingkan penilaian berbasis self-report. Sebagian besar penelitian memiliki risiko bias rendah hingga sedang. Secara keseluruhan, suplementasi vitamin D berpotensi efektif dalam menurunkan risiko ISPA pada populasi dewasa, meskipun variasi desain penelitian dan perbedaan metodologi antar studi menunjukkan perlunya penelitian lanjutan dengan standar dosis, durasi, dan metode penilaian yang lebih seragam.
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