ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND BIOMECHANICAL REVIEW OF OVERHEAD PASSING SKILLS IN VOLLEYBALL AMONG THE SPARTA FIKK UNM TEAM

Abstract

Overhead passing requires coordinated positioning, control of the upper and lower limbs, and adjustment of movement to the incoming ball. This study aimed to describe overhead passing movement assessments from anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical perspectives among players of the Sparta FIKK UNM volleyball team. A descriptive observational design was used with 20 players. Data were collected through direct observation, coach-completed checklists, and photographic documentation. The checklist grouped movement indicators into anatomical, physiological, and biomechanical domains, with suitable and unsuitable response categories. Data were analyzed using frequencies and descriptive percentages. The anatomical summary contained 18 suitable assessments (90.0%) and two unsuitable assessments (10.0%). The physiological summary contained 15 suitable assessments (75.0%) and five unsuitable assessments (25.0%), while the biomechanical summary contained 16 suitable assessments (80.0%) and four unsuitable assessments (20.0%). The equal-weight mean of the three domain percentages was 81.7%. Under the operational rubric, the anatomical score was very good, whereas the physiological, biomechanical, and overall summary scores were good. Item-level observations indicated scope for improvement in trunk control, limb coordination, and adjustment of body position. These results describe checklist-based movement assessments rather than direct measurements of muscle activity or joint mechanics. Several indicators require refinement to distinguish overhead passing from forearm passing. More specific criteria and observer-reliability testing are needed to strengthen subsequent technical evaluation.